Tiling Solver¶
Tiling a n-dimensional polyomino with n-dimensional polyominoes.
This module defines two classes:
- sage.combinat.tiling.Polyominoclass, to represent polyominoes in arbitrary dimension. The goal of this class is to return all the rotated, reflected and/or translated copies of a polyomino that are contained in a certain box.
- sage.combinat.tiling.TilingSolverclass, to solve the problem of tiling a \(n\)-dimensional polyomino with a set of \(n\)-dimensional polyominoes. One can specify if rotations and reflections are allowed or not and if pieces can be reused or not. This class convert the tiling data into rows of a matrix that are passed to the DLX solver. It also allows to compute the number of solutions.
This uses dancing links code which is in Sage. Dancing links were originally introduced by Donald Knuth in 2000 [Knuth1]. Knuth used dancing links to solve tilings of a region by 2d pentaminoes. Here we extend the method to any dimension.
In particular, the sage.games.quantumino module is based on
the Tiling Solver and allows to solve the 3d Quantumino puzzle.
AUTHOR:
- Sébastien Labbé, June 2011, initial version 
- Sébastien Labbé, July 2015, count solutions up to rotations 
- Sébastien Labbé, April 2017, tiling a polyomino, not only a rectangular box 
EXAMPLES:
2d Easy Example¶
Here is a 2d example. Let us try to fill the \(3 \times 2\) rectangle with a \(1 \times 2\) rectangle and a \(2 \times 2\) square. Obviously, there are two solutions:
sage: from sage.combinat.tiling import TilingSolver, Polyomino
sage: p = Polyomino([(0,0), (0,1)])
sage: q = Polyomino([(0,0), (0,1), (1,0), (1,1)])
sage: T = TilingSolver([p,q], box=[3,2])
sage: it = T.solve()
sage: next(it)
[Polyomino: [(0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 0), (1, 1)], Color: gray,
 Polyomino: [(2, 0), (2, 1)], Color: gray]
sage: next(it)
[Polyomino: [(1, 0), (1, 1), (2, 0), (2, 1)], Color: gray,
 Polyomino: [(0, 0), (0, 1)], Color: gray]
sage: next(it)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
StopIteration
sage: T.number_of_solutions()
2
>>> from sage.all import *
>>> from sage.combinat.tiling import TilingSolver, Polyomino
>>> p = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(0),Integer(1))])
>>> q = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(0),Integer(1)), (Integer(1),Integer(0)), (Integer(1),Integer(1))])
>>> T = TilingSolver([p,q], box=[Integer(3),Integer(2)])
>>> it = T.solve()
>>> next(it)
[Polyomino: [(0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 0), (1, 1)], Color: gray,
 Polyomino: [(2, 0), (2, 1)], Color: gray]
>>> next(it)
[Polyomino: [(1, 0), (1, 1), (2, 0), (2, 1)], Color: gray,
 Polyomino: [(0, 0), (0, 1)], Color: gray]
>>> next(it)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
StopIteration
>>> T.number_of_solutions()
2
Scott’s pentamino problem¶
As mentioned in the introduction of [Knuth1], Scott’s pentamino problem consists in tiling a chessboard leaving the center four squares vacant with the 12 distinct pentaminoes.
The 12 pentaminoes:
sage: from sage.combinat.tiling import Polyomino
sage: I = Polyomino([(0,0),(1,0),(2,0),(3,0),(4,0)], color='brown')
sage: N = Polyomino([(1,0),(1,1),(1,2),(0,2),(0,3)], color='yellow')
sage: L = Polyomino([(0,0),(1,0),(0,1),(0,2),(0,3)], color='magenta')
sage: U = Polyomino([(0,0),(1,0),(0,1),(0,2),(1,2)], color='violet')
sage: X = Polyomino([(1,0),(0,1),(1,1),(1,2),(2,1)], color='pink')
sage: W = Polyomino([(2,0),(2,1),(1,1),(1,2),(0,2)], color='green')
sage: P = Polyomino([(1,0),(2,0),(0,1),(1,1),(2,1)], color='orange')
sage: F = Polyomino([(1,0),(1,1),(0,1),(2,1),(2,2)], color='gray')
sage: Z = Polyomino([(0,0),(1,0),(1,1),(1,2),(2,2)], color='yellow')
sage: T = Polyomino([(0,0),(0,1),(1,1),(2,1),(0,2)], color='red')
sage: Y = Polyomino([(0,0),(1,0),(2,0),(3,0),(2,1)], color='green')
sage: V = Polyomino([(0,0),(0,1),(0,2),(1,0),(2,0)], color='blue')
>>> from sage.all import *
>>> from sage.combinat.tiling import Polyomino
>>> I = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(0)),(Integer(2),Integer(0)),(Integer(3),Integer(0)),(Integer(4),Integer(0))], color='brown')
>>> N = Polyomino([(Integer(1),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(1)),(Integer(1),Integer(2)),(Integer(0),Integer(2)),(Integer(0),Integer(3))], color='yellow')
>>> L = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(0)),(Integer(0),Integer(1)),(Integer(0),Integer(2)),(Integer(0),Integer(3))], color='magenta')
>>> U = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(0)),(Integer(0),Integer(1)),(Integer(0),Integer(2)),(Integer(1),Integer(2))], color='violet')
>>> X = Polyomino([(Integer(1),Integer(0)),(Integer(0),Integer(1)),(Integer(1),Integer(1)),(Integer(1),Integer(2)),(Integer(2),Integer(1))], color='pink')
>>> W = Polyomino([(Integer(2),Integer(0)),(Integer(2),Integer(1)),(Integer(1),Integer(1)),(Integer(1),Integer(2)),(Integer(0),Integer(2))], color='green')
>>> P = Polyomino([(Integer(1),Integer(0)),(Integer(2),Integer(0)),(Integer(0),Integer(1)),(Integer(1),Integer(1)),(Integer(2),Integer(1))], color='orange')
>>> F = Polyomino([(Integer(1),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(1)),(Integer(0),Integer(1)),(Integer(2),Integer(1)),(Integer(2),Integer(2))], color='gray')
>>> Z = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(1)),(Integer(1),Integer(2)),(Integer(2),Integer(2))], color='yellow')
>>> T = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0)),(Integer(0),Integer(1)),(Integer(1),Integer(1)),(Integer(2),Integer(1)),(Integer(0),Integer(2))], color='red')
>>> Y = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(0)),(Integer(2),Integer(0)),(Integer(3),Integer(0)),(Integer(2),Integer(1))], color='green')
>>> V = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0)),(Integer(0),Integer(1)),(Integer(0),Integer(2)),(Integer(1),Integer(0)),(Integer(2),Integer(0))], color='blue')
A \(8 \times 8\) chessboard leaving the center four squares vacant:
sage: import itertools
sage: s = set(itertools.product(range(8), repeat=2))
sage: s.difference_update([(3,3), (3,4), (4,3), (4,4)])
sage: chessboard = Polyomino(s)
sage: len(chessboard)
60
>>> from sage.all import *
>>> import itertools
>>> s = set(itertools.product(range(Integer(8)), repeat=Integer(2)))
>>> s.difference_update([(Integer(3),Integer(3)), (Integer(3),Integer(4)), (Integer(4),Integer(3)), (Integer(4),Integer(4))])
>>> chessboard = Polyomino(s)
>>> len(chessboard)
60
This problem is represented by a matrix made of 1568 rows and 72 columns. It has 65 different solutions up to isometries:
sage: from sage.combinat.tiling import TilingSolver
sage: T = TilingSolver([I,N,L,U,X,W,P,F,Z,T,Y,V], box=chessboard, reflection=True)
sage: T
Tiling solver of 12 pieces into a box of size 60
Rotation allowed: True
Reflection allowed: True
Reusing pieces allowed: False
sage: len(T.rows())                # long time
1568
sage: T.number_of_solutions()      # long time
520
sage: 520 / 8
65
>>> from sage.all import *
>>> from sage.combinat.tiling import TilingSolver
>>> T = TilingSolver([I,N,L,U,X,W,P,F,Z,T,Y,V], box=chessboard, reflection=True)
>>> T
Tiling solver of 12 pieces into a box of size 60
Rotation allowed: True
Reflection allowed: True
Reusing pieces allowed: False
>>> len(T.rows())                # long time
1568
>>> T.number_of_solutions()      # long time
520
>>> Integer(520) / Integer(8)
65
Showing one solution:
sage: solution = next(T.solve())                                    # long time
sage: G = sum([piece.show2d() for piece in solution], Graphics())   # long time, needs sage.plot
sage: G.show(aspect_ratio=1, axes=False)                            # long time, needs sage.plot
>>> from sage.all import *
>>> solution = next(T.solve())                                    # long time
>>> G = sum([piece.show2d() for piece in solution], Graphics())   # long time, needs sage.plot
>>> G.show(aspect_ratio=Integer(1), axes=False)                            # long time, needs sage.plot
1d Easy Example¶
Here is an easy one dimensional example where we try to tile a stick of length 6 with three sticks of length 1, 2 and 3. There are six solutions:
sage: p = Polyomino([[0]])
sage: q = Polyomino([[0],[1]])
sage: r = Polyomino([[0],[1],[2]])
sage: T = TilingSolver([p,q,r], box=[6])
sage: len(T.rows())
15
sage: it = T.solve()
sage: next(it)
[Polyomino: [(0)], Color: gray,
 Polyomino: [(1), (2)], Color: gray,
 Polyomino: [(3), (4), (5)], Color: gray]
sage: next(it)
[Polyomino: [(0)], Color: gray,
 Polyomino: [(1), (2), (3)], Color: gray,
 Polyomino: [(4), (5)], Color: gray]
sage: T.number_of_solutions()
6
>>> from sage.all import *
>>> p = Polyomino([[Integer(0)]])
>>> q = Polyomino([[Integer(0)],[Integer(1)]])
>>> r = Polyomino([[Integer(0)],[Integer(1)],[Integer(2)]])
>>> T = TilingSolver([p,q,r], box=[Integer(6)])
>>> len(T.rows())
15
>>> it = T.solve()
>>> next(it)
[Polyomino: [(0)], Color: gray,
 Polyomino: [(1), (2)], Color: gray,
 Polyomino: [(3), (4), (5)], Color: gray]
>>> next(it)
[Polyomino: [(0)], Color: gray,
 Polyomino: [(1), (2), (3)], Color: gray,
 Polyomino: [(4), (5)], Color: gray]
>>> T.number_of_solutions()
6
2d Puzzle allowing reflections¶
The following is a puzzle owned by Florent Hivert:
sage: from sage.combinat.tiling import Polyomino, TilingSolver
sage: L = []
sage: L.append(Polyomino([(0,0),(0,1),(0,2),(0,3),(1,0),(1,1),(1,2),(1,3)], 'yellow'))
sage: L.append(Polyomino([(0,0),(0,1),(0,2),(0,3),(1,0),(1,1),(1,2)], "black"))
sage: L.append(Polyomino([(0,0),(0,1),(0,2),(0,3),(1,0),(1,1),(1,3)], "gray"))
sage: L.append(Polyomino([(0,0),(0,1),(0,2),(0,3),(1,0),(1,3)],"cyan"))
sage: L.append(Polyomino([(0,0),(0,1),(0,2),(0,3),(1,0),(1,1)],"red"))
sage: L.append(Polyomino([(0,0),(0,1),(0,2),(0,3),(1,1),(1,2)],"blue"))
sage: L.append(Polyomino([(0,0),(0,1),(0,2),(0,3),(1,1),(1,3)],"green"))
sage: L.append(Polyomino([(0,1),(0,2),(0,3),(1,0),(1,1),(1,3)],"magenta"))
sage: L.append(Polyomino([(0,1),(0,2),(0,3),(1,0),(1,1),(1,2)],"orange"))
sage: L.append(Polyomino([(0,0),(0,1),(0,2),(1,0),(1,1),(1,2)],"pink"))
>>> from sage.all import *
>>> from sage.combinat.tiling import Polyomino, TilingSolver
>>> L = []
>>> L.append(Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0)),(Integer(0),Integer(1)),(Integer(0),Integer(2)),(Integer(0),Integer(3)),(Integer(1),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(1)),(Integer(1),Integer(2)),(Integer(1),Integer(3))], 'yellow'))
>>> L.append(Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0)),(Integer(0),Integer(1)),(Integer(0),Integer(2)),(Integer(0),Integer(3)),(Integer(1),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(1)),(Integer(1),Integer(2))], "black"))
>>> L.append(Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0)),(Integer(0),Integer(1)),(Integer(0),Integer(2)),(Integer(0),Integer(3)),(Integer(1),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(1)),(Integer(1),Integer(3))], "gray"))
>>> L.append(Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0)),(Integer(0),Integer(1)),(Integer(0),Integer(2)),(Integer(0),Integer(3)),(Integer(1),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(3))],"cyan"))
>>> L.append(Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0)),(Integer(0),Integer(1)),(Integer(0),Integer(2)),(Integer(0),Integer(3)),(Integer(1),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(1))],"red"))
>>> L.append(Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0)),(Integer(0),Integer(1)),(Integer(0),Integer(2)),(Integer(0),Integer(3)),(Integer(1),Integer(1)),(Integer(1),Integer(2))],"blue"))
>>> L.append(Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0)),(Integer(0),Integer(1)),(Integer(0),Integer(2)),(Integer(0),Integer(3)),(Integer(1),Integer(1)),(Integer(1),Integer(3))],"green"))
>>> L.append(Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(1)),(Integer(0),Integer(2)),(Integer(0),Integer(3)),(Integer(1),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(1)),(Integer(1),Integer(3))],"magenta"))
>>> L.append(Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(1)),(Integer(0),Integer(2)),(Integer(0),Integer(3)),(Integer(1),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(1)),(Integer(1),Integer(2))],"orange"))
>>> L.append(Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0)),(Integer(0),Integer(1)),(Integer(0),Integer(2)),(Integer(1),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(1)),(Integer(1),Integer(2))],"pink"))
By default, rotations are allowed and reflections are not. In this case, there are no solutions for tiling a \(8 \times 8\) rectangular box:
sage: T = TilingSolver(L, box=(8,8))
sage: T.number_of_solutions()                                       # long time (2.5s)
0
>>> from sage.all import *
>>> T = TilingSolver(L, box=(Integer(8),Integer(8)))
>>> T.number_of_solutions()                                       # long time (2.5s)
0
If reflections are allowed, there are solutions. Solve the puzzle and show one solution:
sage: T = TilingSolver(L, box=(8,8), reflection=True)
sage: solution = next(T.solve())                                    # long time (7s)
sage: G = sum([piece.show2d() for piece in solution], Graphics())   # long time (<1s), needs sage.plot
sage: G.show(aspect_ratio=1, axes=False)                            # long time (2s), needs sage.plot
>>> from sage.all import *
>>> T = TilingSolver(L, box=(Integer(8),Integer(8)), reflection=True)
>>> solution = next(T.solve())                                    # long time (7s)
>>> G = sum([piece.show2d() for piece in solution], Graphics())   # long time (<1s), needs sage.plot
>>> G.show(aspect_ratio=Integer(1), axes=False)                            # long time (2s), needs sage.plot
Compute the number of solutions:
sage: T.number_of_solutions()                                       # long time (2.6s)
328
>>> from sage.all import *
>>> T.number_of_solutions()                                       # long time (2.6s)
328
Create a animation of all the solutions:
sage: a = T.animate()                            # not tested
sage: a                                          # not tested
Animation with 328 frames
>>> from sage.all import *
>>> a = T.animate()                            # not tested
>>> a                                          # not tested
Animation with 328 frames
3d Puzzle¶
The same thing done in 3d without allowing reflections this time:
sage: from sage.combinat.tiling import Polyomino, TilingSolver
sage: L = []
sage: L.append(Polyomino([(0,0,0),(0,1,0),(0,2,0),(0,3,0),(1,0,0),(1,1,0),(1,2,0),(1,3,0)]))
sage: L.append(Polyomino([(0,0,0),(0,1,0),(0,2,0),(0,3,0),(1,0,0),(1,1,0),(1,2,0)]))
sage: L.append(Polyomino([(0,0,0),(0,1,0),(0,2,0),(0,3,0),(1,0,0),(1,1,0),(1,3,0)]))
sage: L.append(Polyomino([(0,0,0),(0,1,0),(0,2,0),(0,3,0),(1,0,0),(1,3,0)]))
sage: L.append(Polyomino([(0,0,0),(0,1,0),(0,2,0),(0,3,0),(1,0,0),(1,1,0)]))
sage: L.append(Polyomino([(0,0,0),(0,1,0),(0,2,0),(0,3,0),(1,1,0),(1,2,0)]))
sage: L.append(Polyomino([(0,0,0),(0,1,0),(0,2,0),(0,3,0),(1,1,0),(1,3,0)]))
sage: L.append(Polyomino([(0,1,0),(0,2,0),(0,3,0),(1,0,0),(1,1,0),(1,3,0)]))
sage: L.append(Polyomino([(0,1,0),(0,2,0),(0,3,0),(1,0,0),(1,1,0),(1,2,0)]))
sage: L.append(Polyomino([(0,0,0),(0,1,0),(0,2,0),(1,0,0),(1,1,0),(1,2,0)]))
>>> from sage.all import *
>>> from sage.combinat.tiling import Polyomino, TilingSolver
>>> L = []
>>> L.append(Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0)),(Integer(0),Integer(1),Integer(0)),(Integer(0),Integer(2),Integer(0)),(Integer(0),Integer(3),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(0),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(1),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(2),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(3),Integer(0))]))
>>> L.append(Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0)),(Integer(0),Integer(1),Integer(0)),(Integer(0),Integer(2),Integer(0)),(Integer(0),Integer(3),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(0),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(1),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(2),Integer(0))]))
>>> L.append(Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0)),(Integer(0),Integer(1),Integer(0)),(Integer(0),Integer(2),Integer(0)),(Integer(0),Integer(3),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(0),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(1),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(3),Integer(0))]))
>>> L.append(Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0)),(Integer(0),Integer(1),Integer(0)),(Integer(0),Integer(2),Integer(0)),(Integer(0),Integer(3),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(0),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(3),Integer(0))]))
>>> L.append(Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0)),(Integer(0),Integer(1),Integer(0)),(Integer(0),Integer(2),Integer(0)),(Integer(0),Integer(3),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(0),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(1),Integer(0))]))
>>> L.append(Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0)),(Integer(0),Integer(1),Integer(0)),(Integer(0),Integer(2),Integer(0)),(Integer(0),Integer(3),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(1),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(2),Integer(0))]))
>>> L.append(Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0)),(Integer(0),Integer(1),Integer(0)),(Integer(0),Integer(2),Integer(0)),(Integer(0),Integer(3),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(1),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(3),Integer(0))]))
>>> L.append(Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(1),Integer(0)),(Integer(0),Integer(2),Integer(0)),(Integer(0),Integer(3),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(0),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(1),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(3),Integer(0))]))
>>> L.append(Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(1),Integer(0)),(Integer(0),Integer(2),Integer(0)),(Integer(0),Integer(3),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(0),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(1),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(2),Integer(0))]))
>>> L.append(Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0)),(Integer(0),Integer(1),Integer(0)),(Integer(0),Integer(2),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(0),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(1),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(2),Integer(0))]))
Solve the puzzle and show one solution:
sage: T = TilingSolver(L, box=(8,8,1))
sage: solution = next(T.solve())                                    # long time (8s)
sage: G = sum([p.show3d(size=0.85) for p in solution], Graphics())  # long time (<1s), needs sage.plot
sage: G.show(aspect_ratio=1, viewer='tachyon')                      # long time (2s), needs sage.plot
>>> from sage.all import *
>>> T = TilingSolver(L, box=(Integer(8),Integer(8),Integer(1)))
>>> solution = next(T.solve())                                    # long time (8s)
>>> G = sum([p.show3d(size=RealNumber('0.85')) for p in solution], Graphics())  # long time (<1s), needs sage.plot
>>> G.show(aspect_ratio=Integer(1), viewer='tachyon')                      # long time (2s), needs sage.plot
Let us compute the number of solutions:
sage: T.number_of_solutions()                                       # long time (3s)
328
>>> from sage.all import *
>>> T.number_of_solutions()                                       # long time (3s)
328
Donald Knuth example : the Y pentamino¶
Donald Knuth [Knuth1] considered the problem of packing 45 Y pentaminoes into a \(15 \times 15\) square:
sage: from sage.combinat.tiling import Polyomino, TilingSolver
sage: y = Polyomino([(0,0),(1,0),(2,0),(3,0),(2,1)])
sage: T = TilingSolver([y], box=(5,10), reusable=True, reflection=True)
sage: T.number_of_solutions()
10
sage: solution = next(T.solve())
sage: G = sum([p.show2d() for p in solution], Graphics())                           # needs sage.plot
sage: G.show(aspect_ratio=1)                                        # long time (2s), needs sage.plot
>>> from sage.all import *
>>> from sage.combinat.tiling import Polyomino, TilingSolver
>>> y = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(0)),(Integer(2),Integer(0)),(Integer(3),Integer(0)),(Integer(2),Integer(1))])
>>> T = TilingSolver([y], box=(Integer(5),Integer(10)), reusable=True, reflection=True)
>>> T.number_of_solutions()
10
>>> solution = next(T.solve())
>>> G = sum([p.show2d() for p in solution], Graphics())                           # needs sage.plot
>>> G.show(aspect_ratio=Integer(1))                                        # long time (2s), needs sage.plot
sage: T = TilingSolver([y], box=(15,15), reusable=True, reflection=True)
sage: T.number_of_solutions()                      # not tested
1696
>>> from sage.all import *
>>> T = TilingSolver([y], box=(Integer(15),Integer(15)), reusable=True, reflection=True)
>>> T.number_of_solutions()                      # not tested
1696
Up to the symmetries of the square, there are 212 distinct solutions:
sage: 1696 // 8
212
>>> from sage.all import *
>>> Integer(1696) // Integer(8)
212
Animation of Donald Knuth’s dancing links¶
Animation of the solutions:
sage: from sage.combinat.tiling import Polyomino, TilingSolver
sage: Y = Polyomino([(0,0),(1,0),(2,0),(3,0),(2,1)], color='yellow')
sage: T = TilingSolver([Y], box=(15,15), reusable=True, reflection=True)
sage: a = T.animate(stop=40); a                     # long time, optional - imagemagick, needs sage.plot
Animation with 40 frames
>>> from sage.all import *
>>> from sage.combinat.tiling import Polyomino, TilingSolver
>>> Y = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(0)),(Integer(2),Integer(0)),(Integer(3),Integer(0)),(Integer(2),Integer(1))], color='yellow')
>>> T = TilingSolver([Y], box=(Integer(15),Integer(15)), reusable=True, reflection=True)
>>> a = T.animate(stop=Integer(40)); a                     # long time, optional - imagemagick, needs sage.plot
Animation with 40 frames
Incremental animation of the solutions (one piece is removed/added at a time):
sage: a = T.animate('incremental', stop=40); a      # long time, optional - imagemagick, needs sage.plot
Animation with 40 frames
sage: a.show(delay=50, iterations=1)                # long time, optional - imagemagick, needs sage.plot
>>> from sage.all import *
>>> a = T.animate('incremental', stop=Integer(40)); a      # long time, optional - imagemagick, needs sage.plot
Animation with 40 frames
>>> a.show(delay=Integer(50), iterations=Integer(1))                # long time, optional - imagemagick, needs sage.plot
5d Easy Example¶
Here is a 5d example. Let us try to fill the \(2 \times 2 \times 2 \times 2 \times 2\) rectangle with reusable \(1 \times 1 \times 1 \times 1 \times 1\) rectangles. Obviously, there is one solution:
sage: from sage.combinat.tiling import Polyomino, TilingSolver
sage: p = Polyomino([(0,0,0,0,0)])
sage: T = TilingSolver([p], box=(2,2,2,2,2), reusable=True)
sage: rows = T.rows()                               # long time (3s)
sage: rows                                          # long time (fast)
[[0], [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12],
 [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24],
 [25], [26], [27], [28], [29], [30], [31]]
sage: T.number_of_solutions()                       # long time (fast)
1
>>> from sage.all import *
>>> from sage.combinat.tiling import Polyomino, TilingSolver
>>> p = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0))])
>>> T = TilingSolver([p], box=(Integer(2),Integer(2),Integer(2),Integer(2),Integer(2)), reusable=True)
>>> rows = T.rows()                               # long time (3s)
>>> rows                                          # long time (fast)
[[0], [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12],
 [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24],
 [25], [26], [27], [28], [29], [30], [31]]
>>> T.number_of_solutions()                       # long time (fast)
1
REFERENCES:
- class sage.combinat.tiling.Polyomino(coords, color='gray', dimension=None)[source]¶
- Bases: - SageObject- A polyomino in \(\ZZ^d\). - The polyomino is the union of the unit square (or cube, or n-cube) centered at those coordinates. Such an object should be connected, but the code does not make this assumption. - INPUT: - coords– iterable of integer coordinates in \(\ZZ^d\)
- color– string (default:- 'gray'); color for display
- dimension– integer (default:- None); dimension of the space, if- None, it is guessed from the- coordsif- coordsis non empty
 - EXAMPLES: - sage: from sage.combinat.tiling import Polyomino sage: Polyomino([(0,0,0), (0,1,0), (1,1,0), (1,1,1)], color='blue') Polyomino: [(0, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (1, 1, 0), (1, 1, 1)], Color: blue - >>> from sage.all import * >>> from sage.combinat.tiling import Polyomino >>> Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(0),Integer(1),Integer(0)), (Integer(1),Integer(1),Integer(0)), (Integer(1),Integer(1),Integer(1))], color='blue') Polyomino: [(0, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (1, 1, 0), (1, 1, 1)], Color: blue - boundary()[source]¶
- Return the boundary of a 2d polyomino. - INPUT: - self– a 2d polyomino
 - OUTPUT: - list of edges (an edge is a pair of adjacent 2d coordinates) 
 - EXAMPLES: - sage: from sage.combinat.tiling import Polyomino sage: p = Polyomino([(0,0), (1,0), (0,1), (1,1)]) sage: sorted(p.boundary()) [((-0.5, -0.5), (-0.5, 0.5)), ((-0.5, -0.5), (0.5, -0.5)), ((-0.5, 0.5), (-0.5, 1.5)), ((-0.5, 1.5), (0.5, 1.5)), ((0.5, -0.5), (1.5, -0.5)), ((0.5, 1.5), (1.5, 1.5)), ((1.5, -0.5), (1.5, 0.5)), ((1.5, 0.5), (1.5, 1.5))] sage: len(_) 8 sage: p = Polyomino([(5,5)]) sage: sorted(p.boundary()) [((4.5, 4.5), (4.5, 5.5)), ((4.5, 4.5), (5.5, 4.5)), ((4.5, 5.5), (5.5, 5.5)), ((5.5, 4.5), (5.5, 5.5))] - >>> from sage.all import * >>> from sage.combinat.tiling import Polyomino >>> p = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(1),Integer(0)), (Integer(0),Integer(1)), (Integer(1),Integer(1))]) >>> sorted(p.boundary()) [((-0.5, -0.5), (-0.5, 0.5)), ((-0.5, -0.5), (0.5, -0.5)), ((-0.5, 0.5), (-0.5, 1.5)), ((-0.5, 1.5), (0.5, 1.5)), ((0.5, -0.5), (1.5, -0.5)), ((0.5, 1.5), (1.5, 1.5)), ((1.5, -0.5), (1.5, 0.5)), ((1.5, 0.5), (1.5, 1.5))] >>> len(_) 8 >>> p = Polyomino([(Integer(5),Integer(5))]) >>> sorted(p.boundary()) [((4.5, 4.5), (4.5, 5.5)), ((4.5, 4.5), (5.5, 4.5)), ((4.5, 5.5), (5.5, 5.5)), ((5.5, 4.5), (5.5, 5.5))] 
 - bounding_box()[source]¶
- EXAMPLES: - sage: from sage.combinat.tiling import Polyomino sage: p = Polyomino([(0,0,0),(1,0,0),(1,1,0),(1,1,1),(1,2,0)], color='deeppink') sage: p.bounding_box() [[0, 0, 0], [1, 2, 1]] - >>> from sage.all import * >>> from sage.combinat.tiling import Polyomino >>> p = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(0),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(1),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(1),Integer(1)),(Integer(1),Integer(2),Integer(0))], color='deeppink') >>> p.bounding_box() [[0, 0, 0], [1, 2, 1]] 
 - canonical()[source]¶
- Return the translated copy of - selfhaving minimal and nonnegative coordinates- EXAMPLES: - sage: from sage.combinat.tiling import Polyomino sage: p = Polyomino([(0,0,0),(1,0,0),(1,1,0),(1,1,1),(1,2,0)], color='deeppink') sage: p Polyomino: [(0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0), (1, 1, 0), (1, 1, 1), (1, 2, 0)], Color: deeppink sage: p.canonical() Polyomino: [(0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0), (1, 1, 0), (1, 1, 1), (1, 2, 0)], Color: deeppink - >>> from sage.all import * >>> from sage.combinat.tiling import Polyomino >>> p = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(0),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(1),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(1),Integer(1)),(Integer(1),Integer(2),Integer(0))], color='deeppink') >>> p Polyomino: [(0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0), (1, 1, 0), (1, 1, 1), (1, 2, 0)], Color: deeppink >>> p.canonical() Polyomino: [(0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0), (1, 1, 0), (1, 1, 1), (1, 2, 0)], Color: deeppink 
 - canonical_isometric_copies(orientation_preserving=True, mod_box_isometries=False)[source]¶
- Return the list of image of - selfunder isometries of the \(n\)-cube where the coordinates are all nonnegative and minimal.- INPUT: - orientation_preserving– boolean (default:- True); if- True, the group of isometries of the \(n\)-cube is restricted to those that preserve the orientation, i.e. of determinant 1.
- mod_box_isometries– boolean (default:- False); whether to quotient the group of isometries of the \(n\)-cube by the subgroup of isometries of the \(a_1\times a_2\cdots \times a_n\) rectangular box where are the \(a_i\) are assumed to be distinct.
 - OUTPUT: set of Polyomino - EXAMPLES: - sage: from sage.combinat.tiling import Polyomino sage: p = Polyomino([(0,0,0), (0,1,0), (1,1,0), (1,1,1)], color='blue') sage: s = p.canonical_isometric_copies() sage: len(s) 12 - >>> from sage.all import * >>> from sage.combinat.tiling import Polyomino >>> p = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(0),Integer(1),Integer(0)), (Integer(1),Integer(1),Integer(0)), (Integer(1),Integer(1),Integer(1))], color='blue') >>> s = p.canonical_isometric_copies() >>> len(s) 12 - With the non orientation-preserving: - sage: s = p.canonical_isometric_copies(orientation_preserving=False) sage: len(s) 24 - >>> from sage.all import * >>> s = p.canonical_isometric_copies(orientation_preserving=False) >>> len(s) 24 - Modulo rotation by angle 180 degrees: - sage: s = p.canonical_isometric_copies(mod_box_isometries=True) sage: len(s) 3 - >>> from sage.all import * >>> s = p.canonical_isometric_copies(mod_box_isometries=True) >>> len(s) 3 
 - center()[source]¶
- Return the center of the polyomino. - EXAMPLES: - sage: from sage.combinat.tiling import Polyomino sage: p = Polyomino([(0,0,0),(0,0,1)]) sage: p.center() (0, 0, 1/2) - >>> from sage.all import * >>> from sage.combinat.tiling import Polyomino >>> p = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0)),(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(1))]) >>> p.center() (0, 0, 1/2) - In 3d: - sage: p = Polyomino([(0,0,0),(1,0,0),(1,1,0),(1,1,1),(1,2,0)], color='deeppink') sage: p.center() (4/5, 4/5, 1/5) - >>> from sage.all import * >>> p = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(0),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(1),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(1),Integer(1)),(Integer(1),Integer(2),Integer(0))], color='deeppink') >>> p.center() (4/5, 4/5, 1/5) - In 2d: - sage: p = Polyomino([(0,0),(1,0),(1,1),(1,2)]) sage: p.center() (3/4, 3/4) - >>> from sage.all import * >>> p = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(1)),(Integer(1),Integer(2))]) >>> p.center() (3/4, 3/4) 
 - color(color=None)[source]¶
- Return or change the color of the polyomino. - INPUT: - color– string, RBG tuple or- None(default:- None), if- None, it returns the current color
 - EXAMPLES: - sage: from sage.combinat.tiling import Polyomino sage: p = Polyomino([(0,0,0), (0,1,0), (1,1,0), (1,1,1)], color='blue') sage: p.color() 'blue' - >>> from sage.all import * >>> from sage.combinat.tiling import Polyomino >>> p = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(0),Integer(1),Integer(0)), (Integer(1),Integer(1),Integer(0)), (Integer(1),Integer(1),Integer(1))], color='blue') >>> p.color() 'blue' 
 - frozenset()[source]¶
- Return the elements of \(\ZZ^d\) in the polyomino as a frozenset. - EXAMPLES: - sage: from sage.combinat.tiling import Polyomino sage: p = Polyomino([(0,0,0), (0,1,0), (1,1,0), (1,1,1)], color='red') sage: p.frozenset() frozenset({(0, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (1, 1, 0), (1, 1, 1)}) - >>> from sage.all import * >>> from sage.combinat.tiling import Polyomino >>> p = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(0),Integer(1),Integer(0)), (Integer(1),Integer(1),Integer(0)), (Integer(1),Integer(1),Integer(1))], color='red') >>> p.frozenset() frozenset({(0, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (1, 1, 0), (1, 1, 1)}) 
 - intersection(other)[source]¶
- Return the intersection of - selfand- other.- INPUT: - other– a polyomino
 - OUTPUT: polyomino - EXAMPLES: - sage: from sage.combinat.tiling import Polyomino sage: a = Polyomino([(0,0)]) sage: b = Polyomino([(0,0), (0,1), (1,1), (2,1)]) sage: a.intersection(b) Polyomino: [(0, 0)], Color: gray sage: a.intersection(b+(1,1)) Polyomino: [], Color: gray - >>> from sage.all import * >>> from sage.combinat.tiling import Polyomino >>> a = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0))]) >>> b = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(0),Integer(1)), (Integer(1),Integer(1)), (Integer(2),Integer(1))]) >>> a.intersection(b) Polyomino: [(0, 0)], Color: gray >>> a.intersection(b+(Integer(1),Integer(1))) Polyomino: [], Color: gray 
 - isometric_copies(box, orientation_preserving=True, mod_box_isometries=False)[source]¶
- Return the translated and isometric images of - selfthat lies in the box.- INPUT: - box– polyomino or tuple of integers (size of a box)
- orientation_preserving– boolean (default:- True); if- True, the group of isometries of the \(n\)-cube is restricted to those that preserve the orientation, i.e. of determinant 1.
- mod_box_isometries– boolean (default:- False); whether to quotient the group of isometries of the \(n\)-cube by the subgroup of isometries of the \(a_1\times a_2\cdots \times a_n\) rectangular box where are the \(a_i\) are assumed to be distinct.
 - EXAMPLES: - sage: from sage.combinat.tiling import Polyomino sage: p = Polyomino([(0,0,0),(1,0,0),(1,1,0),(1,1,1),(1,2,0)], color='deeppink') sage: L = list(p.isometric_copies(box=(5,8,2))) sage: len(L) 360 - >>> from sage.all import * >>> from sage.combinat.tiling import Polyomino >>> p = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(0),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(1),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(1),Integer(1)),(Integer(1),Integer(2),Integer(0))], color='deeppink') >>> L = list(p.isometric_copies(box=(Integer(5),Integer(8),Integer(2)))) >>> len(L) 360 - sage: p = Polyomino([(0,0,0),(1,0,0),(1,1,0),(1,2,0),(1,2,1)], color='orange') sage: L = list(p.isometric_copies(box=(5,8,2))) sage: len(L) 180 sage: L = list(p.isometric_copies((5,8,2), False)) sage: len(L) 360 sage: L = list(p.isometric_copies((5,8,2), mod_box_isometries=True)) sage: len(L) 45 - >>> from sage.all import * >>> p = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(0),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(1),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(2),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(2),Integer(1))], color='orange') >>> L = list(p.isometric_copies(box=(Integer(5),Integer(8),Integer(2)))) >>> len(L) 180 >>> L = list(p.isometric_copies((Integer(5),Integer(8),Integer(2)), False)) >>> len(L) 360 >>> L = list(p.isometric_copies((Integer(5),Integer(8),Integer(2)), mod_box_isometries=True)) >>> len(L) 45 - sage: p = Polyomino([(0,0), (1,0), (0,1)]) sage: b = Polyomino([(0,0), (1,0), (2,0), (0,1), (1,1), (0,2)]) sage: sorted(p.isometric_copies(b), key=lambda p: p.sorted_list()) [Polyomino: [(0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 0)], Color: gray, Polyomino: [(0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1)], Color: gray, Polyomino: [(0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1)], Color: gray, Polyomino: [(0, 1), (0, 2), (1, 1)], Color: gray, Polyomino: [(0, 1), (1, 0), (1, 1)], Color: gray, Polyomino: [(1, 0), (1, 1), (2, 0)], Color: gray] - >>> from sage.all import * >>> p = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(1),Integer(0)), (Integer(0),Integer(1))]) >>> b = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(1),Integer(0)), (Integer(2),Integer(0)), (Integer(0),Integer(1)), (Integer(1),Integer(1)), (Integer(0),Integer(2))]) >>> sorted(p.isometric_copies(b), key=lambda p: p.sorted_list()) [Polyomino: [(0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 0)], Color: gray, Polyomino: [(0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1)], Color: gray, Polyomino: [(0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1)], Color: gray, Polyomino: [(0, 1), (0, 2), (1, 1)], Color: gray, Polyomino: [(0, 1), (1, 0), (1, 1)], Color: gray, Polyomino: [(1, 0), (1, 1), (2, 0)], Color: gray] 
 - isometric_copies_intersection(box, orientation_preserving=True)[source]¶
- Return the set of non empty intersections of isometric images of - selfwith a polyomino.- INPUT: - box– polyomino or tuple of integers (size of a box)
- orientation_preserving– boolean (default:- True); if- True, the group of isometries of the \(n\)-cube is restricted to those that preserve the orientation, i.e. of determinant 1.
 - EXAMPLES: - sage: from sage.combinat.tiling import Polyomino sage: p = Polyomino([(0,0),(1,0)], color='deeppink') sage: sorted(sorted(a.frozenset()) for a in p.isometric_copies_intersection(box=(2,3))) [[(0, 0)], [(0, 0), (0, 1)], [(0, 0), (1, 0)], [(0, 1)], [(0, 1), (0, 2)], [(0, 1), (1, 1)], [(0, 2)], [(0, 2), (1, 2)], [(1, 0)], [(1, 0), (1, 1)], [(1, 1)], [(1, 1), (1, 2)], [(1, 2)]] - >>> from sage.all import * >>> from sage.combinat.tiling import Polyomino >>> p = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(0))], color='deeppink') >>> sorted(sorted(a.frozenset()) for a in p.isometric_copies_intersection(box=(Integer(2),Integer(3)))) [[(0, 0)], [(0, 0), (0, 1)], [(0, 0), (1, 0)], [(0, 1)], [(0, 1), (0, 2)], [(0, 1), (1, 1)], [(0, 2)], [(0, 2), (1, 2)], [(1, 0)], [(1, 0), (1, 1)], [(1, 1)], [(1, 1), (1, 2)], [(1, 2)]] 
 - neighbor_edges()[source]¶
- Return an iterator over the pairs of neighbor coordinates inside of the polyomino. - Two points \(P\) and \(Q\) in the polyomino are neighbor if \(P - Q\) has one coordinate equal to \(+1\) or \(-1\) and zero everywhere else. - EXAMPLES: - sage: from sage.combinat.tiling import Polyomino sage: p = Polyomino([(0,0,0),(0,0,1)]) sage: [sorted(edge) for edge in p.neighbor_edges()] [[(0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1)]] - >>> from sage.all import * >>> from sage.combinat.tiling import Polyomino >>> p = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0)),(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(1))]) >>> [sorted(edge) for edge in p.neighbor_edges()] [[(0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1)]] - In 3d: - sage: p = Polyomino([(0,0,0),(1,0,0),(1,1,0),(1,1,1),(1,2,0)], color='deeppink') sage: L = sorted(sorted(edge) for edge in p.neighbor_edges()) sage: for a in L: a [(0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0)] [(1, 0, 0), (1, 1, 0)] [(1, 1, 0), (1, 1, 1)] [(1, 1, 0), (1, 2, 0)] - >>> from sage.all import * >>> p = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(0),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(1),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(1),Integer(1)),(Integer(1),Integer(2),Integer(0))], color='deeppink') >>> L = sorted(sorted(edge) for edge in p.neighbor_edges()) >>> for a in L: a [(0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0)] [(1, 0, 0), (1, 1, 0)] [(1, 1, 0), (1, 1, 1)] [(1, 1, 0), (1, 2, 0)] - In 2d: - sage: p = Polyomino([(0,0),(1,0),(1,1),(1,2)]) sage: L = sorted(sorted(edge) for edge in p.neighbor_edges()) sage: for a in L: a [(0, 0), (1, 0)] [(1, 0), (1, 1)] [(1, 1), (1, 2)] - >>> from sage.all import * >>> p = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(1)),(Integer(1),Integer(2))]) >>> L = sorted(sorted(edge) for edge in p.neighbor_edges()) >>> for a in L: a [(0, 0), (1, 0)] [(1, 0), (1, 1)] [(1, 1), (1, 2)] 
 - self_surrounding(radius, remove_incomplete_copies=True, ncpus=None)[source]¶
- Return a list of isometric copies of - selfsurrounding it with an annulus of given radius.- INPUT: - self– a polyomino of dimension 2
- radius– integer
- remove_incomplete_copies– boolean (default:- True); whether to keep only complete copies of- selfin the output
- ncpus– integer (default:- None); maximal number of subprocesses to use at the same time. If- None, it detects the number of effective CPUs in the system using- sage.parallel.ncpus.ncpus(). If- ncpus=1, the first solution is searched serially.
 - OUTPUT: list of polyominoes - EXAMPLES: - sage: from sage.combinat.tiling import Polyomino sage: H = Polyomino([(-1, 1), (-1, 4), (-1, 7), (0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2), ....: (0, 3), (0, 4), (0, 5), (0, 6), (0, 7), (0, 8), (1, 1), (1, 2), ....: (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (1, 7), (1, 8), (2, 0), (2, 2), ....: (2, 3), (2, 5), (2, 6), (2, 8)]) sage: solution = H.self_surrounding(8) sage: G = sum([p.show2d() for p in solution], Graphics()) # needs sage.plot - >>> from sage.all import * >>> from sage.combinat.tiling import Polyomino >>> H = Polyomino([(-Integer(1), Integer(1)), (-Integer(1), Integer(4)), (-Integer(1), Integer(7)), (Integer(0), Integer(0)), (Integer(0), Integer(1)), (Integer(0), Integer(2)), ... (Integer(0), Integer(3)), (Integer(0), Integer(4)), (Integer(0), Integer(5)), (Integer(0), Integer(6)), (Integer(0), Integer(7)), (Integer(0), Integer(8)), (Integer(1), Integer(1)), (Integer(1), Integer(2)), ... (Integer(1), Integer(3)), (Integer(1), Integer(4)), (Integer(1), Integer(5)), (Integer(1), Integer(6)), (Integer(1), Integer(7)), (Integer(1), Integer(8)), (Integer(2), Integer(0)), (Integer(2), Integer(2)), ... (Integer(2), Integer(3)), (Integer(2), Integer(5)), (Integer(2), Integer(6)), (Integer(2), Integer(8))]) >>> solution = H.self_surrounding(Integer(8)) >>> G = sum([p.show2d() for p in solution], Graphics()) # needs sage.plot - sage: solution = H.self_surrounding(8, remove_incomplete_copies=False) sage: G = sum([p.show2d() for p in solution], Graphics()) # needs sage.plot - >>> from sage.all import * >>> solution = H.self_surrounding(Integer(8), remove_incomplete_copies=False) >>> G = sum([p.show2d() for p in solution], Graphics()) # needs sage.plot 
 - show2d(size=0.7, color='black', thickness=1)[source]¶
- Return a 2d Graphic object representing the polyomino. - INPUT: - self– a polyomino of dimension 2
- size– number (default:- 0.7); the size of each square
- color– color (default:- 'black'); color of the boundary line
- thickness– number (default:- 1); how thick the boundary line is
 - EXAMPLES: - sage: from sage.combinat.tiling import Polyomino sage: p = Polyomino([(0,0),(1,0),(1,1),(1,2)], color='deeppink') sage: p.show2d() # long time (0.5s) # needs sage.plot Graphics object consisting of 17 graphics primitives - >>> from sage.all import * >>> from sage.combinat.tiling import Polyomino >>> p = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(1)),(Integer(1),Integer(2))], color='deeppink') >>> p.show2d() # long time (0.5s) # needs sage.plot Graphics object consisting of 17 graphics primitives 
 - show3d(size=1)[source]¶
- Return a 3d Graphic object representing the polyomino. - INPUT: - self– a polyomino of dimension 3
- size– number (default:- 1); the size of each- 1 \times 1 \times 1cube. This does a homothety with respect to the center of the polyomino.
 - EXAMPLES: - sage: from sage.combinat.tiling import Polyomino sage: p = Polyomino([(0,0,0), (0,1,0), (1,1,0), (1,1,1)], color='blue') sage: p.show3d() # long time (2s) # needs sage.plot Graphics3d Object - >>> from sage.all import * >>> from sage.combinat.tiling import Polyomino >>> p = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(0),Integer(1),Integer(0)), (Integer(1),Integer(1),Integer(0)), (Integer(1),Integer(1),Integer(1))], color='blue') >>> p.show3d() # long time (2s) # needs sage.plot Graphics3d Object 
 - sorted_list()[source]¶
- Return the color of the polyomino. - EXAMPLES: - sage: from sage.combinat.tiling import Polyomino sage: p = Polyomino([(0,0,0), (0,1,0), (1,1,0), (1,1,1)], color='blue') sage: p.sorted_list() [(0, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (1, 1, 0), (1, 1, 1)] - >>> from sage.all import * >>> from sage.combinat.tiling import Polyomino >>> p = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(0),Integer(1),Integer(0)), (Integer(1),Integer(1),Integer(0)), (Integer(1),Integer(1),Integer(1))], color='blue') >>> p.sorted_list() [(0, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (1, 1, 0), (1, 1, 1)] 
 - translated_copies(box)[source]¶
- Return an iterator over the translated images of - selfinside a polyomino.- INPUT: - box– polyomino or tuple of integers (size of a box)
 - OUTPUT: iterator of 3d polyominoes - EXAMPLES: - sage: from sage.combinat.tiling import Polyomino sage: p = Polyomino([(0,0,0),(1,0,0),(1,1,0),(1,1,1),(1,2,0)], color='deeppink') sage: for t in p.translated_copies(box=(5,8,2)): t Polyomino: [(0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0), (1, 1, 0), (1, 1, 1), (1, 2, 0)], Color: deeppink Polyomino: [(0, 1, 0), (1, 1, 0), (1, 2, 0), (1, 2, 1), (1, 3, 0)], Color: deeppink Polyomino: [(0, 2, 0), (1, 2, 0), (1, 3, 0), (1, 3, 1), (1, 4, 0)], Color: deeppink Polyomino: [(0, 3, 0), (1, 3, 0), (1, 4, 0), (1, 4, 1), (1, 5, 0)], Color: deeppink Polyomino: [(0, 4, 0), (1, 4, 0), (1, 5, 0), (1, 5, 1), (1, 6, 0)], Color: deeppink Polyomino: [(0, 5, 0), (1, 5, 0), (1, 6, 0), (1, 6, 1), (1, 7, 0)], Color: deeppink Polyomino: [(1, 0, 0), (2, 0, 0), (2, 1, 0), (2, 1, 1), (2, 2, 0)], Color: deeppink Polyomino: [(1, 1, 0), (2, 1, 0), (2, 2, 0), (2, 2, 1), (2, 3, 0)], Color: deeppink Polyomino: [(1, 2, 0), (2, 2, 0), (2, 3, 0), (2, 3, 1), (2, 4, 0)], Color: deeppink Polyomino: [(1, 3, 0), (2, 3, 0), (2, 4, 0), (2, 4, 1), (2, 5, 0)], Color: deeppink Polyomino: [(1, 4, 0), (2, 4, 0), (2, 5, 0), (2, 5, 1), (2, 6, 0)], Color: deeppink Polyomino: [(1, 5, 0), (2, 5, 0), (2, 6, 0), (2, 6, 1), (2, 7, 0)], Color: deeppink Polyomino: [(2, 0, 0), (3, 0, 0), (3, 1, 0), (3, 1, 1), (3, 2, 0)], Color: deeppink Polyomino: [(2, 1, 0), (3, 1, 0), (3, 2, 0), (3, 2, 1), (3, 3, 0)], Color: deeppink Polyomino: [(2, 2, 0), (3, 2, 0), (3, 3, 0), (3, 3, 1), (3, 4, 0)], Color: deeppink Polyomino: [(2, 3, 0), (3, 3, 0), (3, 4, 0), (3, 4, 1), (3, 5, 0)], Color: deeppink Polyomino: [(2, 4, 0), (3, 4, 0), (3, 5, 0), (3, 5, 1), (3, 6, 0)], Color: deeppink Polyomino: [(2, 5, 0), (3, 5, 0), (3, 6, 0), (3, 6, 1), (3, 7, 0)], Color: deeppink Polyomino: [(3, 0, 0), (4, 0, 0), (4, 1, 0), (4, 1, 1), (4, 2, 0)], Color: deeppink Polyomino: [(3, 1, 0), (4, 1, 0), (4, 2, 0), (4, 2, 1), (4, 3, 0)], Color: deeppink Polyomino: [(3, 2, 0), (4, 2, 0), (4, 3, 0), (4, 3, 1), (4, 4, 0)], Color: deeppink Polyomino: [(3, 3, 0), (4, 3, 0), (4, 4, 0), (4, 4, 1), (4, 5, 0)], Color: deeppink Polyomino: [(3, 4, 0), (4, 4, 0), (4, 5, 0), (4, 5, 1), (4, 6, 0)], Color: deeppink Polyomino: [(3, 5, 0), (4, 5, 0), (4, 6, 0), (4, 6, 1), (4, 7, 0)], Color: deeppink - >>> from sage.all import * >>> from sage.combinat.tiling import Polyomino >>> p = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(0),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(1),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(1),Integer(1)),(Integer(1),Integer(2),Integer(0))], color='deeppink') >>> for t in p.translated_copies(box=(Integer(5),Integer(8),Integer(2))): t Polyomino: [(0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0), (1, 1, 0), (1, 1, 1), (1, 2, 0)], Color: deeppink Polyomino: [(0, 1, 0), (1, 1, 0), (1, 2, 0), (1, 2, 1), (1, 3, 0)], Color: deeppink Polyomino: [(0, 2, 0), (1, 2, 0), (1, 3, 0), (1, 3, 1), (1, 4, 0)], Color: deeppink Polyomino: [(0, 3, 0), (1, 3, 0), (1, 4, 0), (1, 4, 1), (1, 5, 0)], Color: deeppink Polyomino: [(0, 4, 0), (1, 4, 0), (1, 5, 0), (1, 5, 1), (1, 6, 0)], Color: deeppink Polyomino: [(0, 5, 0), (1, 5, 0), (1, 6, 0), (1, 6, 1), (1, 7, 0)], Color: deeppink Polyomino: [(1, 0, 0), (2, 0, 0), (2, 1, 0), (2, 1, 1), (2, 2, 0)], Color: deeppink Polyomino: [(1, 1, 0), (2, 1, 0), (2, 2, 0), (2, 2, 1), (2, 3, 0)], Color: deeppink Polyomino: [(1, 2, 0), (2, 2, 0), (2, 3, 0), (2, 3, 1), (2, 4, 0)], Color: deeppink Polyomino: [(1, 3, 0), (2, 3, 0), (2, 4, 0), (2, 4, 1), (2, 5, 0)], Color: deeppink Polyomino: [(1, 4, 0), (2, 4, 0), (2, 5, 0), (2, 5, 1), (2, 6, 0)], Color: deeppink Polyomino: [(1, 5, 0), (2, 5, 0), (2, 6, 0), (2, 6, 1), (2, 7, 0)], Color: deeppink Polyomino: [(2, 0, 0), (3, 0, 0), (3, 1, 0), (3, 1, 1), (3, 2, 0)], Color: deeppink Polyomino: [(2, 1, 0), (3, 1, 0), (3, 2, 0), (3, 2, 1), (3, 3, 0)], Color: deeppink Polyomino: [(2, 2, 0), (3, 2, 0), (3, 3, 0), (3, 3, 1), (3, 4, 0)], Color: deeppink Polyomino: [(2, 3, 0), (3, 3, 0), (3, 4, 0), (3, 4, 1), (3, 5, 0)], Color: deeppink Polyomino: [(2, 4, 0), (3, 4, 0), (3, 5, 0), (3, 5, 1), (3, 6, 0)], Color: deeppink Polyomino: [(2, 5, 0), (3, 5, 0), (3, 6, 0), (3, 6, 1), (3, 7, 0)], Color: deeppink Polyomino: [(3, 0, 0), (4, 0, 0), (4, 1, 0), (4, 1, 1), (4, 2, 0)], Color: deeppink Polyomino: [(3, 1, 0), (4, 1, 0), (4, 2, 0), (4, 2, 1), (4, 3, 0)], Color: deeppink Polyomino: [(3, 2, 0), (4, 2, 0), (4, 3, 0), (4, 3, 1), (4, 4, 0)], Color: deeppink Polyomino: [(3, 3, 0), (4, 3, 0), (4, 4, 0), (4, 4, 1), (4, 5, 0)], Color: deeppink Polyomino: [(3, 4, 0), (4, 4, 0), (4, 5, 0), (4, 5, 1), (4, 6, 0)], Color: deeppink Polyomino: [(3, 5, 0), (4, 5, 0), (4, 6, 0), (4, 6, 1), (4, 7, 0)], Color: deeppink - This method is independent of the translation of the polyomino: - sage: q = Polyomino([(0,0,0), (1,0,0)]) sage: list(q.translated_copies((2,2,1))) [Polyomino: [(0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0)], Color: gray, Polyomino: [(0, 1, 0), (1, 1, 0)], Color: gray] sage: q = Polyomino([(34,7,-9), (35,7,-9)]) sage: list(q.translated_copies((2,2,1))) [Polyomino: [(0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0)], Color: gray, Polyomino: [(0, 1, 0), (1, 1, 0)], Color: gray] - >>> from sage.all import * >>> q = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(1),Integer(0),Integer(0))]) >>> list(q.translated_copies((Integer(2),Integer(2),Integer(1)))) [Polyomino: [(0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0)], Color: gray, Polyomino: [(0, 1, 0), (1, 1, 0)], Color: gray] >>> q = Polyomino([(Integer(34),Integer(7),-Integer(9)), (Integer(35),Integer(7),-Integer(9))]) >>> list(q.translated_copies((Integer(2),Integer(2),Integer(1)))) [Polyomino: [(0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0)], Color: gray, Polyomino: [(0, 1, 0), (1, 1, 0)], Color: gray] - Inside smaller boxes: - sage: list(p.translated_copies(box=(2,2,3))) [] sage: list(p.translated_copies(box=(2,3,2))) [Polyomino: [(0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0), (1, 1, 0), (1, 1, 1), (1, 2, 0)], Color: deeppink] sage: list(p.translated_copies(box=(3,2,2))) [] sage: list(p.translated_copies(box=(1,1,1))) [] - >>> from sage.all import * >>> list(p.translated_copies(box=(Integer(2),Integer(2),Integer(3)))) [] >>> list(p.translated_copies(box=(Integer(2),Integer(3),Integer(2)))) [Polyomino: [(0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0), (1, 1, 0), (1, 1, 1), (1, 2, 0)], Color: deeppink] >>> list(p.translated_copies(box=(Integer(3),Integer(2),Integer(2)))) [] >>> list(p.translated_copies(box=(Integer(1),Integer(1),Integer(1)))) [] - Using a Polyomino as input: - sage: b = Polyomino([(0,0), (0,1), (0,2), (1,0), (1,1), (1,2)]) sage: p = Polyomino([(0,0)]) sage: list(p.translated_copies(b)) [Polyomino: [(0, 0)], Color: gray, Polyomino: [(0, 1)], Color: gray, Polyomino: [(0, 2)], Color: gray, Polyomino: [(1, 0)], Color: gray, Polyomino: [(1, 1)], Color: gray, Polyomino: [(1, 2)], Color: gray] - >>> from sage.all import * >>> b = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(0),Integer(1)), (Integer(0),Integer(2)), (Integer(1),Integer(0)), (Integer(1),Integer(1)), (Integer(1),Integer(2))]) >>> p = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0))]) >>> list(p.translated_copies(b)) [Polyomino: [(0, 0)], Color: gray, Polyomino: [(0, 1)], Color: gray, Polyomino: [(0, 2)], Color: gray, Polyomino: [(1, 0)], Color: gray, Polyomino: [(1, 1)], Color: gray, Polyomino: [(1, 2)], Color: gray] - sage: p = Polyomino([(0,0), (1,0), (0,1)]) sage: b = Polyomino([(0,0), (1,0), (2,0), (0,1), (1,1), (0,2)]) sage: list(p.translated_copies(b)) [Polyomino: [(0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 0)], Color: gray, Polyomino: [(0, 1), (0, 2), (1, 1)], Color: gray, Polyomino: [(1, 0), (1, 1), (2, 0)], Color: gray] - >>> from sage.all import * >>> p = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(1),Integer(0)), (Integer(0),Integer(1))]) >>> b = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(1),Integer(0)), (Integer(2),Integer(0)), (Integer(0),Integer(1)), (Integer(1),Integer(1)), (Integer(0),Integer(2))]) >>> list(p.translated_copies(b)) [Polyomino: [(0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 0)], Color: gray, Polyomino: [(0, 1), (0, 2), (1, 1)], Color: gray, Polyomino: [(1, 0), (1, 1), (2, 0)], Color: gray] 
 - translated_copies_intersection(box)[source]¶
- Return the set of non empty intersections of translated images of - selfwith a polyomino.- INPUT: - box– polyomino or tuple of integers (size of a box)
 - OUTPUT: set of 3d polyominoes - EXAMPLES: - sage: from sage.combinat.tiling import Polyomino sage: p = Polyomino([(0,0),(1,0)], color='deeppink') sage: sorted(sorted(a.frozenset()) ....: for a in p.translated_copies_intersection(box=(2,3))) [[(0, 0)], [(0, 0), (1, 0)], [(0, 1)], [(0, 1), (1, 1)], [(0, 2)], [(0, 2), (1, 2)], [(1, 0)], [(1, 1)], [(1, 2)]] - >>> from sage.all import * >>> from sage.combinat.tiling import Polyomino >>> p = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(0))], color='deeppink') >>> sorted(sorted(a.frozenset()) ... for a in p.translated_copies_intersection(box=(Integer(2),Integer(3)))) [[(0, 0)], [(0, 0), (1, 0)], [(0, 1)], [(0, 1), (1, 1)], [(0, 2)], [(0, 2), (1, 2)], [(1, 0)], [(1, 1)], [(1, 2)]] - Using a Polyomino as input: - sage: b = Polyomino([(0,0), (0,1), (0,2), (1,0), (2,0)]) sage: p = Polyomino([(0,0), (1,0)]) sage: sorted(sorted(a.frozenset()) ....: for a in p.translated_copies_intersection(b)) [[(0, 0)], [(0, 0), (1, 0)], [(0, 1)], [(0, 2)], [(1, 0), (2, 0)], [(2, 0)]] - >>> from sage.all import * >>> b = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(0),Integer(1)), (Integer(0),Integer(2)), (Integer(1),Integer(0)), (Integer(2),Integer(0))]) >>> p = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(1),Integer(0))]) >>> sorted(sorted(a.frozenset()) ... for a in p.translated_copies_intersection(b)) [[(0, 0)], [(0, 0), (1, 0)], [(0, 1)], [(0, 2)], [(1, 0), (2, 0)], [(2, 0)]] 
 
- class sage.combinat.tiling.TilingSolver(pieces, box, rotation=True, reflection=False, reusable=False, outside=False)[source]¶
- Bases: - SageObject- Tiling solver. - Solve the problem of tiling a polyomino with a certain number of polyominoes. - INPUT: - pieces– iterable of Polyominoes
- box– polyomino or tuple of integers (size of a box)
- rotation– boolean (default:- True); whether to allow rotations
- reflection– boolean (default:- False); whether to allow reflections
- reusable– boolean (default:- False); whether to allow the pieces to be reused
- outside– boolean (default:- False); whether to allow pieces to partially go outside of the box (all non-empty intersection of the pieces with the box are considered)
 - EXAMPLES: - By default, rotations are allowed and reflections are not allowed: - sage: from sage.combinat.tiling import TilingSolver, Polyomino sage: p = Polyomino([(0,0,0)]) sage: q = Polyomino([(0,0,0), (0,0,1)]) sage: r = Polyomino([(0,0,0), (0,0,1), (0,0,2)]) sage: T = TilingSolver([p,q,r], box=(1,1,6)) sage: T Tiling solver of 3 pieces into a box of size 6 Rotation allowed: True Reflection allowed: False Reusing pieces allowed: False - >>> from sage.all import * >>> from sage.combinat.tiling import TilingSolver, Polyomino >>> p = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0))]) >>> q = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(1))]) >>> r = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(1)), (Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(2))]) >>> T = TilingSolver([p,q,r], box=(Integer(1),Integer(1),Integer(6))) >>> T Tiling solver of 3 pieces into a box of size 6 Rotation allowed: True Reflection allowed: False Reusing pieces allowed: False - Solutions are given by an iterator: - sage: it = T.solve() sage: for p in next(it): p Polyomino: [(0, 0, 0)], Color: gray Polyomino: [(0, 0, 1), (0, 0, 2)], Color: gray Polyomino: [(0, 0, 3), (0, 0, 4), (0, 0, 5)], Color: gray - >>> from sage.all import * >>> it = T.solve() >>> for p in next(it): p Polyomino: [(0, 0, 0)], Color: gray Polyomino: [(0, 0, 1), (0, 0, 2)], Color: gray Polyomino: [(0, 0, 3), (0, 0, 4), (0, 0, 5)], Color: gray - Another solution: - sage: for p in next(it): p Polyomino: [(0, 0, 0)], Color: gray Polyomino: [(0, 0, 1), (0, 0, 2), (0, 0, 3)], Color: gray Polyomino: [(0, 0, 4), (0, 0, 5)], Color: gray - >>> from sage.all import * >>> for p in next(it): p Polyomino: [(0, 0, 0)], Color: gray Polyomino: [(0, 0, 1), (0, 0, 2), (0, 0, 3)], Color: gray Polyomino: [(0, 0, 4), (0, 0, 5)], Color: gray - Tiling of a polyomino by polyominoes: - sage: b = Polyomino([(0,0), (1,0), (1,1), (2,1), (1,2), (2,2), (0,3), (1,3)]) sage: p = Polyomino([(0,0), (1,0)]) sage: T = TilingSolver([p], box=b, reusable=True) sage: T.number_of_solutions() 2 - >>> from sage.all import * >>> b = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(1),Integer(0)), (Integer(1),Integer(1)), (Integer(2),Integer(1)), (Integer(1),Integer(2)), (Integer(2),Integer(2)), (Integer(0),Integer(3)), (Integer(1),Integer(3))]) >>> p = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(1),Integer(0))]) >>> T = TilingSolver([p], box=b, reusable=True) >>> T.number_of_solutions() 2 - animate(partial=None, stop=None, size=0.75, axes=False)[source]¶
- Return an animation of evolving solutions. - INPUT: - partial– string (default:- None); whether to include partial (incomplete) solutions. It can be one of the following:- None– include only complete solutions
- 'common_prefix'– common prefix between two consecutive solutions
- 'incremental'– one piece change at a time
 
- stop– integer (default:- None); number of frames
- size– number (default:- 0.75); the size of each- 1 \times 1square. This does a homothety with respect to the center of each polyomino.
- axes– boolean (default:- False); whether the x and y axes are shown
 - EXAMPLES: - sage: from sage.combinat.tiling import Polyomino, TilingSolver sage: y = Polyomino([(0,0),(1,0),(2,0),(3,0),(2,1)], color='cyan') sage: T = TilingSolver([y], box=(5,10), reusable=True, reflection=True) sage: a = T.animate() # needs sage.plot sage: a # long time, optional - imagemagick, needs sage.plot Animation with 10 frames - >>> from sage.all import * >>> from sage.combinat.tiling import Polyomino, TilingSolver >>> y = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0)),(Integer(1),Integer(0)),(Integer(2),Integer(0)),(Integer(3),Integer(0)),(Integer(2),Integer(1))], color='cyan') >>> T = TilingSolver([y], box=(Integer(5),Integer(10)), reusable=True, reflection=True) >>> a = T.animate() # needs sage.plot >>> a # long time, optional - imagemagick, needs sage.plot Animation with 10 frames - Include partial solutions (common prefix between two consecutive solutions): - sage: a = T.animate('common_prefix') # needs sage.plot sage: a # long time, optional - imagemagick, needs sage.plot Animation with 19 frames - >>> from sage.all import * >>> a = T.animate('common_prefix') # needs sage.plot >>> a # long time, optional - imagemagick, needs sage.plot Animation with 19 frames - Incremental solutions (one piece removed or added at a time): - sage: a = T.animate('incremental') # long time (2s) # needs sage.plot sage: a # long time (2s), optional - imagemagick, needs sage.plot Animation with 123 frames - >>> from sage.all import * >>> a = T.animate('incremental') # long time (2s) # needs sage.plot >>> a # long time (2s), optional - imagemagick, needs sage.plot Animation with 123 frames - sage: a.show() # long time, optional - imagemagick, needs sage.plot - >>> from sage.all import * >>> a.show() # long time, optional - imagemagick, needs sage.plot - The - showfunction takes arguments to specify the delay between frames (measured in hundredths of a second, default value 20) and the number of iterations (default: 0, which means to iterate forever). To iterate 4 times with half a second between each frame:- sage: a.show(delay=50, iterations=4) # long time, optional - imagemagick, needs sage.plot - >>> from sage.all import * >>> a.show(delay=Integer(50), iterations=Integer(4)) # long time, optional - imagemagick, needs sage.plot - Limit the number of frames: - sage: a = T.animate('incremental', stop=13); a # not tested # needs sage.plot Animation with 13 frames - >>> from sage.all import * >>> a = T.animate('incremental', stop=Integer(13)); a # not tested # needs sage.plot Animation with 13 frames 
 - coord_to_int_dict()[source]¶
- Return a dictionary mapping coordinates to integers. - OUTPUT: dictionary - EXAMPLES: - sage: from sage.combinat.tiling import TilingSolver, Polyomino sage: p = Polyomino([(0,0,0)]) sage: q = Polyomino([(0,0,0), (0,0,1)]) sage: r = Polyomino([(0,0,0), (0,0,1), (0,0,2)]) sage: T = TilingSolver([p,q,r], box=(1,1,6)) sage: A = T.coord_to_int_dict() sage: sorted(A.items()) [((0, 0, 0), 3), ((0, 0, 1), 4), ((0, 0, 2), 5), ((0, 0, 3), 6), ((0, 0, 4), 7), ((0, 0, 5), 8)] - >>> from sage.all import * >>> from sage.combinat.tiling import TilingSolver, Polyomino >>> p = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0))]) >>> q = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(1))]) >>> r = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(1)), (Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(2))]) >>> T = TilingSolver([p,q,r], box=(Integer(1),Integer(1),Integer(6))) >>> A = T.coord_to_int_dict() >>> sorted(A.items()) [((0, 0, 0), 3), ((0, 0, 1), 4), ((0, 0, 2), 5), ((0, 0, 3), 6), ((0, 0, 4), 7), ((0, 0, 5), 8)] - Reusable pieces: - sage: p = Polyomino([(0,0), (0,1)]) sage: q = Polyomino([(0,0), (0,1), (1,0), (1,1)]) sage: T = TilingSolver([p,q], box=[3,2], reusable=True) sage: B = T.coord_to_int_dict() sage: sorted(B.items()) [((0, 0), 0), ((0, 1), 1), ((1, 0), 2), ((1, 1), 3), ((2, 0), 4), ((2, 1), 5)] - >>> from sage.all import * >>> p = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(0),Integer(1))]) >>> q = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(0),Integer(1)), (Integer(1),Integer(0)), (Integer(1),Integer(1))]) >>> T = TilingSolver([p,q], box=[Integer(3),Integer(2)], reusable=True) >>> B = T.coord_to_int_dict() >>> sorted(B.items()) [((0, 0), 0), ((0, 1), 1), ((1, 0), 2), ((1, 1), 3), ((2, 0), 4), ((2, 1), 5)] 
 - dlx_solver()[source]¶
- Return the sage DLX solver of that tiling problem. - OUTPUT: dLX Solver - EXAMPLES: - sage: from sage.combinat.tiling import TilingSolver, Polyomino sage: p = Polyomino([(0,0,0)]) sage: q = Polyomino([(0,0,0), (0,0,1)]) sage: r = Polyomino([(0,0,0), (0,0,1), (0,0,2)]) sage: T = TilingSolver([p,q,r], box=(1,1,6)) sage: T.dlx_solver() Dancing links solver for 9 columns and 15 rows - >>> from sage.all import * >>> from sage.combinat.tiling import TilingSolver, Polyomino >>> p = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0))]) >>> q = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(1))]) >>> r = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(1)), (Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(2))]) >>> T = TilingSolver([p,q,r], box=(Integer(1),Integer(1),Integer(6))) >>> T.dlx_solver() Dancing links solver for 9 columns and 15 rows 
 - int_to_coord_dict()[source]¶
- Return a dictionary mapping integers to coordinates. - EXAMPLES: - sage: from sage.combinat.tiling import TilingSolver, Polyomino sage: p = Polyomino([(0,0,0)]) sage: q = Polyomino([(0,0,0), (0,0,1)]) sage: r = Polyomino([(0,0,0), (0,0,1), (0,0,2)]) sage: T = TilingSolver([p,q,r], box=(1,1,6)) sage: B = T.int_to_coord_dict() sage: sorted(B.items()) [(3, (0, 0, 0)), (4, (0, 0, 1)), (5, (0, 0, 2)), (6, (0, 0, 3)), (7, (0, 0, 4)), (8, (0, 0, 5))] - >>> from sage.all import * >>> from sage.combinat.tiling import TilingSolver, Polyomino >>> p = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0))]) >>> q = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(1))]) >>> r = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(1)), (Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(2))]) >>> T = TilingSolver([p,q,r], box=(Integer(1),Integer(1),Integer(6))) >>> B = T.int_to_coord_dict() >>> sorted(B.items()) [(3, (0, 0, 0)), (4, (0, 0, 1)), (5, (0, 0, 2)), (6, (0, 0, 3)), (7, (0, 0, 4)), (8, (0, 0, 5))] - Reusable pieces: - sage: from sage.combinat.tiling import Polyomino, TilingSolver sage: p = Polyomino([(0,0), (0,1)]) sage: q = Polyomino([(0,0), (0,1), (1,0), (1,1)]) sage: T = TilingSolver([p,q], box=[3,2], reusable=True) sage: B = T.int_to_coord_dict() sage: sorted(B.items()) [(0, (0, 0)), (1, (0, 1)), (2, (1, 0)), (3, (1, 1)), (4, (2, 0)), (5, (2, 1))] - >>> from sage.all import * >>> from sage.combinat.tiling import Polyomino, TilingSolver >>> p = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(0),Integer(1))]) >>> q = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(0),Integer(1)), (Integer(1),Integer(0)), (Integer(1),Integer(1))]) >>> T = TilingSolver([p,q], box=[Integer(3),Integer(2)], reusable=True) >>> B = T.int_to_coord_dict() >>> sorted(B.items()) [(0, (0, 0)), (1, (0, 1)), (2, (1, 0)), (3, (1, 1)), (4, (2, 0)), (5, (2, 1))] 
 - is_suitable()[source]¶
- Return whether the volume of the box is equal to sum of the volume of the polyominoes and the number of rows sent to the DLX solver is larger than zero. - If these conditions are not verified, then the problem is not suitable in the sense that there are no solution. - EXAMPLES: - sage: from sage.combinat.tiling import TilingSolver, Polyomino sage: p = Polyomino([(0,0,0)]) sage: q = Polyomino([(0,0,0), (0,0,1)]) sage: r = Polyomino([(0,0,0), (0,0,1), (0,0,2)]) sage: T = TilingSolver([p,q,r], box=(1,1,6)) sage: T.is_suitable() True sage: T = TilingSolver([p,q,r], box=(1,1,7)) sage: T.is_suitable() False - >>> from sage.all import * >>> from sage.combinat.tiling import TilingSolver, Polyomino >>> p = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0))]) >>> q = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(1))]) >>> r = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(1)), (Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(2))]) >>> T = TilingSolver([p,q,r], box=(Integer(1),Integer(1),Integer(6))) >>> T.is_suitable() True >>> T = TilingSolver([p,q,r], box=(Integer(1),Integer(1),Integer(7))) >>> T.is_suitable() False 
 - nrows_per_piece()[source]¶
- Return the number of rows necessary by each piece. - OUTPUT: list - EXAMPLES: - sage: from sage.games.quantumino import QuantuminoSolver sage: q = QuantuminoSolver(0) sage: T = q.tiling_solver() sage: T.nrows_per_piece() # long time (10s) [360, 360, 360, 360, 360, 180, 180, 672, 672, 360, 360, 180, 180, 360, 360, 180] - >>> from sage.all import * >>> from sage.games.quantumino import QuantuminoSolver >>> q = QuantuminoSolver(Integer(0)) >>> T = q.tiling_solver() >>> T.nrows_per_piece() # long time (10s) [360, 360, 360, 360, 360, 180, 180, 672, 672, 360, 360, 180, 180, 360, 360, 180] 
 - number_of_solutions()[source]¶
- Return the number of distinct solutions. - OUTPUT: integer - EXAMPLES: - sage: from sage.combinat.tiling import TilingSolver, Polyomino sage: p = Polyomino([(0,0)]) sage: q = Polyomino([(0,0), (0,1)]) sage: r = Polyomino([(0,0), (0,1), (0,2)]) sage: T = TilingSolver([p,q,r], box=(1,6)) sage: T.number_of_solutions() 6 - >>> from sage.all import * >>> from sage.combinat.tiling import TilingSolver, Polyomino >>> p = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0))]) >>> q = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(0),Integer(1))]) >>> r = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(0),Integer(1)), (Integer(0),Integer(2))]) >>> T = TilingSolver([p,q,r], box=(Integer(1),Integer(6))) >>> T.number_of_solutions() 6 - sage: T = TilingSolver([p,q,r], box=(1,7)) sage: T.number_of_solutions() 0 - >>> from sage.all import * >>> T = TilingSolver([p,q,r], box=(Integer(1),Integer(7))) >>> T.number_of_solutions() 0 
 - pieces()[source]¶
- Return the list of pieces. - OUTPUT: list of 3d polyominoes - EXAMPLES: - sage: from sage.combinat.tiling import TilingSolver, Polyomino sage: p = Polyomino([(0,0,0)]) sage: q = Polyomino([(0,0,0), (0,0,1)]) sage: r = Polyomino([(0,0,0), (0,0,1), (0,0,2)]) sage: T = TilingSolver([p,q,r], box=(1,1,6)) sage: for p in T._pieces: p Polyomino: [(0, 0, 0)], Color: gray Polyomino: [(0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1)], Color: gray Polyomino: [(0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1), (0, 0, 2)], Color: gray - >>> from sage.all import * >>> from sage.combinat.tiling import TilingSolver, Polyomino >>> p = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0))]) >>> q = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(1))]) >>> r = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(1)), (Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(2))]) >>> T = TilingSolver([p,q,r], box=(Integer(1),Integer(1),Integer(6))) >>> for p in T._pieces: p Polyomino: [(0, 0, 0)], Color: gray Polyomino: [(0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1)], Color: gray Polyomino: [(0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1), (0, 0, 2)], Color: gray 
 - row_to_polyomino(row_number)[source]¶
- Return a polyomino associated to a row. - INPUT: - row_number– integer; the \(i\)-th row
 - OUTPUT: polyomino - EXAMPLES: - sage: from sage.combinat.tiling import TilingSolver, Polyomino sage: a = Polyomino([(0,0,0), (0,0,1), (1,0,0)], color='blue') sage: b = Polyomino([(0,0,0), (1,0,0), (0,1,0)], color='red') sage: T = TilingSolver([a,b], box=(2,1,3)) sage: len(T.rows()) 16 - >>> from sage.all import * >>> from sage.combinat.tiling import TilingSolver, Polyomino >>> a = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(1)), (Integer(1),Integer(0),Integer(0))], color='blue') >>> b = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(1),Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(0),Integer(1),Integer(0))], color='red') >>> T = TilingSolver([a,b], box=(Integer(2),Integer(1),Integer(3))) >>> len(T.rows()) 16 - sage: T.row_to_polyomino(7) Polyomino: [(0, 0, 2), (1, 0, 1), (1, 0, 2)], Color: blue - >>> from sage.all import * >>> T.row_to_polyomino(Integer(7)) Polyomino: [(0, 0, 2), (1, 0, 1), (1, 0, 2)], Color: blue - sage: T.row_to_polyomino(13) Polyomino: [(0, 0, 1), (1, 0, 1), (1, 0, 2)], Color: red - >>> from sage.all import * >>> T.row_to_polyomino(Integer(13)) Polyomino: [(0, 0, 1), (1, 0, 1), (1, 0, 2)], Color: red 
 - rows()[source]¶
- Creation of the rows. - EXAMPLES: - sage: from sage.combinat.tiling import TilingSolver, Polyomino sage: p = Polyomino([(0,0,0)]) sage: q = Polyomino([(0,0,0), (0,0,1)]) sage: r = Polyomino([(0,0,0), (0,0,1), (0,0,2)]) sage: T = TilingSolver([p,q,r], box=(1,1,6)) sage: rows = T.rows() sage: for row in rows: row [0, 3] [0, 4] [0, 5] [0, 6] [0, 7] [0, 8] [1, 3, 4] [1, 4, 5] [1, 5, 6] [1, 6, 7] [1, 7, 8] [2, 3, 4, 5] [2, 4, 5, 6] [2, 5, 6, 7] [2, 6, 7, 8] - >>> from sage.all import * >>> from sage.combinat.tiling import TilingSolver, Polyomino >>> p = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0))]) >>> q = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(1))]) >>> r = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(1)), (Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(2))]) >>> T = TilingSolver([p,q,r], box=(Integer(1),Integer(1),Integer(6))) >>> rows = T.rows() >>> for row in rows: row [0, 3] [0, 4] [0, 5] [0, 6] [0, 7] [0, 8] [1, 3, 4] [1, 4, 5] [1, 5, 6] [1, 6, 7] [1, 7, 8] [2, 3, 4, 5] [2, 4, 5, 6] [2, 5, 6, 7] [2, 6, 7, 8] 
 - rows_for_piece(i, mod_box_isometries=False)[source]¶
- Return the rows for the \(i\)-th piece. - INPUT: - i– integer; the \(i\)-th piece
- mod_box_isometries– boolean (default:- False); whether to consider only rows for positions up to the action of the quotient the group of isometries of the \(n\)-cube by the subgroup of isometries of the \(a_1\times a_2\cdots \times a_n\) rectangular box where are the \(a_i\) are assumed to be distinct.
 - EXAMPLES: - sage: from sage.combinat.tiling import TilingSolver, Polyomino sage: p = Polyomino([(0,0,0)]) sage: q = Polyomino([(0,0,0), (0,0,1)]) sage: r = Polyomino([(0,0,0), (0,0,1), (0,0,2)]) sage: T = TilingSolver([p,q,r], box=(1,1,6)) sage: T.rows_for_piece(0) [[0, 3], [0, 4], [0, 5], [0, 6], [0, 7], [0, 8]] sage: T.rows_for_piece(1) [[1, 3, 4], [1, 4, 5], [1, 5, 6], [1, 6, 7], [1, 7, 8]] sage: T.rows_for_piece(2) [[2, 3, 4, 5], [2, 4, 5, 6], [2, 5, 6, 7], [2, 6, 7, 8]] - >>> from sage.all import * >>> from sage.combinat.tiling import TilingSolver, Polyomino >>> p = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0))]) >>> q = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(1))]) >>> r = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(1)), (Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(2))]) >>> T = TilingSolver([p,q,r], box=(Integer(1),Integer(1),Integer(6))) >>> T.rows_for_piece(Integer(0)) [[0, 3], [0, 4], [0, 5], [0, 6], [0, 7], [0, 8]] >>> T.rows_for_piece(Integer(1)) [[1, 3, 4], [1, 4, 5], [1, 5, 6], [1, 6, 7], [1, 7, 8]] >>> T.rows_for_piece(Integer(2)) [[2, 3, 4, 5], [2, 4, 5, 6], [2, 5, 6, 7], [2, 6, 7, 8]] - Less rows when using - mod_box_isometries=True:- sage: a = Polyomino([(0,0,0), (0,0,1), (1,0,0)]) sage: b = Polyomino([(0,0,0), (1,0,0), (0,1,0)]) sage: T = TilingSolver([a,b], box=(2,1,3)) sage: T.rows_for_piece(0) [[0, 2, 3, 5], [0, 3, 4, 6], [0, 2, 3, 6], [0, 3, 4, 7], [0, 2, 5, 6], [0, 3, 6, 7], [0, 3, 5, 6], [0, 4, 6, 7]] sage: T.rows_for_piece(0, mod_box_isometries=True) [[0, 2, 3, 5], [0, 3, 4, 6]] sage: T.rows_for_piece(1, mod_box_isometries=True) [[1, 2, 3, 5], [1, 3, 4, 6]] - >>> from sage.all import * >>> a = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(1)), (Integer(1),Integer(0),Integer(0))]) >>> b = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(1),Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(0),Integer(1),Integer(0))]) >>> T = TilingSolver([a,b], box=(Integer(2),Integer(1),Integer(3))) >>> T.rows_for_piece(Integer(0)) [[0, 2, 3, 5], [0, 3, 4, 6], [0, 2, 3, 6], [0, 3, 4, 7], [0, 2, 5, 6], [0, 3, 6, 7], [0, 3, 5, 6], [0, 4, 6, 7]] >>> T.rows_for_piece(Integer(0), mod_box_isometries=True) [[0, 2, 3, 5], [0, 3, 4, 6]] >>> T.rows_for_piece(Integer(1), mod_box_isometries=True) [[1, 2, 3, 5], [1, 3, 4, 6]] 
 - solve(partial=None)[source]¶
- Return an iterator of list of polyominoes that are an exact cover of the box. - INPUT: - partial– string (default:- None); whether to include partial (incomplete) solutions. It can be one of the following:- None– include only complete solution
- 'common_prefix'– common prefix between two consecutive solutions
- 'incremental'– one piece change at a time
 
 - OUTPUT: iterator of list of polyominoes - EXAMPLES: - sage: from sage.combinat.tiling import TilingSolver, Polyomino sage: p = Polyomino([(0,0,0)]) sage: q = Polyomino([(0,0,0), (0,0,1)]) sage: r = Polyomino([(0,0,0), (0,0,1), (0,0,2)]) sage: T = TilingSolver([p,q,r], box=(1,1,6)) sage: it = T.solve() sage: for p in next(it): p Polyomino: [(0, 0, 0)], Color: gray Polyomino: [(0, 0, 1), (0, 0, 2)], Color: gray Polyomino: [(0, 0, 3), (0, 0, 4), (0, 0, 5)], Color: gray sage: for p in next(it): p Polyomino: [(0, 0, 0)], Color: gray Polyomino: [(0, 0, 1), (0, 0, 2), (0, 0, 3)], Color: gray Polyomino: [(0, 0, 4), (0, 0, 5)], Color: gray sage: for p in next(it): p Polyomino: [(0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1)], Color: gray Polyomino: [(0, 0, 2), (0, 0, 3), (0, 0, 4)], Color: gray Polyomino: [(0, 0, 5)], Color: gray - >>> from sage.all import * >>> from sage.combinat.tiling import TilingSolver, Polyomino >>> p = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0))]) >>> q = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(1))]) >>> r = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(1)), (Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(2))]) >>> T = TilingSolver([p,q,r], box=(Integer(1),Integer(1),Integer(6))) >>> it = T.solve() >>> for p in next(it): p Polyomino: [(0, 0, 0)], Color: gray Polyomino: [(0, 0, 1), (0, 0, 2)], Color: gray Polyomino: [(0, 0, 3), (0, 0, 4), (0, 0, 5)], Color: gray >>> for p in next(it): p Polyomino: [(0, 0, 0)], Color: gray Polyomino: [(0, 0, 1), (0, 0, 2), (0, 0, 3)], Color: gray Polyomino: [(0, 0, 4), (0, 0, 5)], Color: gray >>> for p in next(it): p Polyomino: [(0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1)], Color: gray Polyomino: [(0, 0, 2), (0, 0, 3), (0, 0, 4)], Color: gray Polyomino: [(0, 0, 5)], Color: gray - Including the partial solutions: - sage: it = T.solve(partial='common_prefix') sage: for p in next(it): p Polyomino: [(0, 0, 0)], Color: gray Polyomino: [(0, 0, 1), (0, 0, 2)], Color: gray Polyomino: [(0, 0, 3), (0, 0, 4), (0, 0, 5)], Color: gray sage: for p in next(it): p Polyomino: [(0, 0, 0)], Color: gray sage: for p in next(it): p Polyomino: [(0, 0, 0)], Color: gray Polyomino: [(0, 0, 1), (0, 0, 2), (0, 0, 3)], Color: gray Polyomino: [(0, 0, 4), (0, 0, 5)], Color: gray sage: for p in next(it): p sage: for p in next(it): p Polyomino: [(0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1)], Color: gray Polyomino: [(0, 0, 2), (0, 0, 3), (0, 0, 4)], Color: gray Polyomino: [(0, 0, 5)], Color: gray - >>> from sage.all import * >>> it = T.solve(partial='common_prefix') >>> for p in next(it): p Polyomino: [(0, 0, 0)], Color: gray Polyomino: [(0, 0, 1), (0, 0, 2)], Color: gray Polyomino: [(0, 0, 3), (0, 0, 4), (0, 0, 5)], Color: gray >>> for p in next(it): p Polyomino: [(0, 0, 0)], Color: gray >>> for p in next(it): p Polyomino: [(0, 0, 0)], Color: gray Polyomino: [(0, 0, 1), (0, 0, 2), (0, 0, 3)], Color: gray Polyomino: [(0, 0, 4), (0, 0, 5)], Color: gray >>> for p in next(it): p >>> for p in next(it): p Polyomino: [(0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1)], Color: gray Polyomino: [(0, 0, 2), (0, 0, 3), (0, 0, 4)], Color: gray Polyomino: [(0, 0, 5)], Color: gray - Colors are preserved when the polyomino can be reused: - sage: p = Polyomino([(0,0,0)], color='yellow') sage: q = Polyomino([(0,0,0), (0,0,1)], color='yellow') sage: r = Polyomino([(0,0,0), (0,0,1), (0,0,2)], color='yellow') sage: T = TilingSolver([p,q,r], box=(1,1,6), reusable=True) sage: it = T.solve() sage: for p in next(it): p Polyomino: [(0, 0, 0)], Color: yellow Polyomino: [(0, 0, 1)], Color: yellow Polyomino: [(0, 0, 2)], Color: yellow Polyomino: [(0, 0, 3)], Color: yellow Polyomino: [(0, 0, 4)], Color: yellow Polyomino: [(0, 0, 5)], Color: yellow - >>> from sage.all import * >>> p = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0))], color='yellow') >>> q = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(1))], color='yellow') >>> r = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(1)), (Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(2))], color='yellow') >>> T = TilingSolver([p,q,r], box=(Integer(1),Integer(1),Integer(6)), reusable=True) >>> it = T.solve() >>> for p in next(it): p Polyomino: [(0, 0, 0)], Color: yellow Polyomino: [(0, 0, 1)], Color: yellow Polyomino: [(0, 0, 2)], Color: yellow Polyomino: [(0, 0, 3)], Color: yellow Polyomino: [(0, 0, 4)], Color: yellow Polyomino: [(0, 0, 5)], Color: yellow 
 - space()[source]¶
- Return an iterator over all the nonnegative integer coordinates contained in the space to tile. - EXAMPLES: - sage: from sage.combinat.tiling import TilingSolver, Polyomino sage: p = Polyomino([(0,0,0)]) sage: q = Polyomino([(0,0,0), (0,0,1)]) sage: r = Polyomino([(0,0,0), (0,0,1), (0,0,2)]) sage: T = TilingSolver([p,q,r], box=(1,1,6)) sage: list(T.space()) [(0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1), (0, 0, 2), (0, 0, 3), (0, 0, 4), (0, 0, 5)] - >>> from sage.all import * >>> from sage.combinat.tiling import TilingSolver, Polyomino >>> p = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0))]) >>> q = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(1))]) >>> r = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(1)), (Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(2))]) >>> T = TilingSolver([p,q,r], box=(Integer(1),Integer(1),Integer(6))) >>> list(T.space()) [(0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1), (0, 0, 2), (0, 0, 3), (0, 0, 4), (0, 0, 5)] 
 - starting_rows()[source]¶
- Return the starting rows for each piece. - EXAMPLES: - sage: from sage.combinat.tiling import TilingSolver, Polyomino sage: p = Polyomino([(0,0,0)]) sage: q = Polyomino([(0,0,0), (0,0,1)]) sage: r = Polyomino([(0,0,0), (0,0,1), (0,0,2)]) sage: T = TilingSolver([p,q,r], box=(1,1,6)) sage: T.starting_rows() [0, 6, 11, 15] - >>> from sage.all import * >>> from sage.combinat.tiling import TilingSolver, Polyomino >>> p = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0))]) >>> q = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(1))]) >>> r = Polyomino([(Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(1)), (Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(2))]) >>> T = TilingSolver([p,q,r], box=(Integer(1),Integer(1),Integer(6))) >>> T.starting_rows() [0, 6, 11, 15] 
 
- sage.combinat.tiling.ncube_isometry_group(n, orientation_preserving=True)[source]¶
- Return the isometry group of the \(n\)-cube as a list of matrices. - INPUT: - n– positive integer, dimension of the space
- orientation_preserving– boolean (default:- True); whether the orientation is preserved
 - OUTPUT: list of matrices - EXAMPLES: - sage: from sage.combinat.tiling import ncube_isometry_group sage: ncube_isometry_group(2) [ [1 0] [ 0 1] [-1 0] [ 0 -1] [0 1], [-1 0], [ 0 -1], [ 1 0] ] sage: ncube_isometry_group(2, orientation_preserving=False) [ [1 0] [ 0 -1] [ 1 0] [ 0 1] [0 1] [-1 0] [ 0 -1] [-1 0] [0 1], [-1 0], [ 0 -1], [-1 0], [1 0], [ 0 -1], [ 1 0], [ 0 1] ] - >>> from sage.all import * >>> from sage.combinat.tiling import ncube_isometry_group >>> ncube_isometry_group(Integer(2)) [ [1 0] [ 0 1] [-1 0] [ 0 -1] [0 1], [-1 0], [ 0 -1], [ 1 0] ] >>> ncube_isometry_group(Integer(2), orientation_preserving=False) [ [1 0] [ 0 -1] [ 1 0] [ 0 1] [0 1] [-1 0] [ 0 -1] [-1 0] [0 1], [-1 0], [ 0 -1], [-1 0], [1 0], [ 0 -1], [ 1 0], [ 0 1] ] - There are 24 orientation preserving isometries of the 3-cube: - sage: ncube_isometry_group(3) [ [1 0 0] [ 1 0 0] [ 1 0 0] [ 0 1 0] [0 1 0] [ 0 0 1] [0 1 0] [ 0 0 1] [ 0 0 -1] [-1 0 0] [0 0 1] [ 0 -1 0] [0 0 1], [ 0 -1 0], [ 0 1 0], [ 0 0 1], [1 0 0], [ 1 0 0], [-1 0 0] [ 0 -1 0] [-1 0 0] [-1 0 0] [ 0 -1 0] [ 0 0 -1] [ 0 -1 0] [ 0 0 -1] [ 0 0 -1] [ 0 1 0] [ 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0] [ 0 0 1], [ 1 0 0], [ 0 -1 0], [ 0 0 -1], [-1 0 0], [ 0 -1 0], [ 0 1 0] [ 0 0 1] [0 0 1] [ 0 -1 0] [ 0 0 -1] [-1 0 0] [ 1 0 0] [ 0 1 0] [1 0 0] [ 1 0 0] [ 0 1 0] [ 0 0 1] [ 0 0 -1], [-1 0 0], [0 1 0], [ 0 0 1], [ 1 0 0], [ 0 1 0], [ 0 -1 0] [ 0 0 -1] [ 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0] [ 0 0 -1] [ 0 1 0] [-1 0 0] [-1 0 0] [-1 0 0] [ 0 -1 0] [ 0 -1 0] [ 0 0 -1] [ 0 0 -1], [ 0 1 0], [ 0 -1 0], [ 0 0 -1], [-1 0 0], [-1 0 0] ] - >>> from sage.all import * >>> ncube_isometry_group(Integer(3)) [ [1 0 0] [ 1 0 0] [ 1 0 0] [ 0 1 0] [0 1 0] [ 0 0 1] [0 1 0] [ 0 0 1] [ 0 0 -1] [-1 0 0] [0 0 1] [ 0 -1 0] [0 0 1], [ 0 -1 0], [ 0 1 0], [ 0 0 1], [1 0 0], [ 1 0 0], <BLANKLINE> [-1 0 0] [ 0 -1 0] [-1 0 0] [-1 0 0] [ 0 -1 0] [ 0 0 -1] [ 0 -1 0] [ 0 0 -1] [ 0 0 -1] [ 0 1 0] [ 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0] [ 0 0 1], [ 1 0 0], [ 0 -1 0], [ 0 0 -1], [-1 0 0], [ 0 -1 0], <BLANKLINE> [ 0 1 0] [ 0 0 1] [0 0 1] [ 0 -1 0] [ 0 0 -1] [-1 0 0] [ 1 0 0] [ 0 1 0] [1 0 0] [ 1 0 0] [ 0 1 0] [ 0 0 1] [ 0 0 -1], [-1 0 0], [0 1 0], [ 0 0 1], [ 1 0 0], [ 0 1 0], <BLANKLINE> [ 0 -1 0] [ 0 0 -1] [ 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0] [ 0 0 -1] [ 0 1 0] [-1 0 0] [-1 0 0] [-1 0 0] [ 0 -1 0] [ 0 -1 0] [ 0 0 -1] [ 0 0 -1], [ 0 1 0], [ 0 -1 0], [ 0 0 -1], [-1 0 0], [-1 0 0] ] 
- sage.combinat.tiling.ncube_isometry_group_cosets(orientation_preserving=True)[source]¶
- Return the quotient of the isometry group of the \(n\)-cube by the the isometry group of the rectangular parallelepiped. - INPUT: - n– positive integer, dimension of the space
- orientation_preserving– boolean (default:- True); whether the orientation is preserved
 - OUTPUT: list of cosets, each coset being a sorted list of matrices - EXAMPLES: - sage: from sage.combinat.tiling import ncube_isometry_group_cosets sage: sorted(ncube_isometry_group_cosets(2)) [[ [-1 0] [1 0] [ 0 -1], [0 1] ], [ [ 0 -1] [ 0 1] [ 1 0], [-1 0] ]] sage: sorted(ncube_isometry_group_cosets(2, False)) [[ [-1 0] [-1 0] [ 1 0] [1 0] [ 0 -1], [ 0 1], [ 0 -1], [0 1] ], [ [ 0 -1] [ 0 -1] [ 0 1] [0 1] [-1 0], [ 1 0], [-1 0], [1 0] ]] - >>> from sage.all import * >>> from sage.combinat.tiling import ncube_isometry_group_cosets >>> sorted(ncube_isometry_group_cosets(Integer(2))) [[ [-1 0] [1 0] [ 0 -1], [0 1] ], [ [ 0 -1] [ 0 1] [ 1 0], [-1 0] ]] >>> sorted(ncube_isometry_group_cosets(Integer(2), False)) [[ [-1 0] [-1 0] [ 1 0] [1 0] [ 0 -1], [ 0 1], [ 0 -1], [0 1] ], [ [ 0 -1] [ 0 -1] [ 0 1] [0 1] [-1 0], [ 1 0], [-1 0], [1 0] ]] - sage: sorted(ncube_isometry_group_cosets(3)) [[ [-1 0 0] [-1 0 0] [ 1 0 0] [1 0 0] [ 0 -1 0] [ 0 1 0] [ 0 -1 0] [0 1 0] [ 0 0 1], [ 0 0 -1], [ 0 0 -1], [0 0 1] ], [ [-1 0 0] [-1 0 0] [ 1 0 0] [ 1 0 0] [ 0 0 -1] [ 0 0 1] [ 0 0 -1] [ 0 0 1] [ 0 -1 0], [ 0 1 0], [ 0 1 0], [ 0 -1 0] ], [ [ 0 -1 0] [ 0 -1 0] [ 0 1 0] [ 0 1 0] [-1 0 0] [ 1 0 0] [-1 0 0] [ 1 0 0] [ 0 0 -1], [ 0 0 1], [ 0 0 1], [ 0 0 -1] ], [ [ 0 -1 0] [ 0 -1 0] [ 0 1 0] [0 1 0] [ 0 0 -1] [ 0 0 1] [ 0 0 -1] [0 0 1] [ 1 0 0], [-1 0 0], [-1 0 0], [1 0 0] ], [ [ 0 0 -1] [ 0 0 -1] [ 0 0 1] [0 0 1] [-1 0 0] [ 1 0 0] [-1 0 0] [1 0 0] [ 0 1 0], [ 0 -1 0], [ 0 -1 0], [0 1 0] ], [ [ 0 0 -1] [ 0 0 -1] [ 0 0 1] [ 0 0 1] [ 0 -1 0] [ 0 1 0] [ 0 -1 0] [ 0 1 0] [-1 0 0], [ 1 0 0], [ 1 0 0], [-1 0 0] ]] - >>> from sage.all import * >>> sorted(ncube_isometry_group_cosets(Integer(3))) [[ [-1 0 0] [-1 0 0] [ 1 0 0] [1 0 0] [ 0 -1 0] [ 0 1 0] [ 0 -1 0] [0 1 0] [ 0 0 1], [ 0 0 -1], [ 0 0 -1], [0 0 1] ], [ [-1 0 0] [-1 0 0] [ 1 0 0] [ 1 0 0] [ 0 0 -1] [ 0 0 1] [ 0 0 -1] [ 0 0 1] [ 0 -1 0], [ 0 1 0], [ 0 1 0], [ 0 -1 0] ], [ [ 0 -1 0] [ 0 -1 0] [ 0 1 0] [ 0 1 0] [-1 0 0] [ 1 0 0] [-1 0 0] [ 1 0 0] [ 0 0 -1], [ 0 0 1], [ 0 0 1], [ 0 0 -1] ], [ [ 0 -1 0] [ 0 -1 0] [ 0 1 0] [0 1 0] [ 0 0 -1] [ 0 0 1] [ 0 0 -1] [0 0 1] [ 1 0 0], [-1 0 0], [-1 0 0], [1 0 0] ], [ [ 0 0 -1] [ 0 0 -1] [ 0 0 1] [0 0 1] [-1 0 0] [ 1 0 0] [-1 0 0] [1 0 0] [ 0 1 0], [ 0 -1 0], [ 0 -1 0], [0 1 0] ], [ [ 0 0 -1] [ 0 0 -1] [ 0 0 1] [ 0 0 1] [ 0 -1 0] [ 0 1 0] [ 0 -1 0] [ 0 1 0] [-1 0 0], [ 1 0 0], [ 1 0 0], [-1 0 0] ]]